The betta fish, also known as the Siamese fighting fish, is one of the world’s most popular aquarium fish thanks to its striking colors and impressive fins. Renowned for the aggressive behavior of males, especially towards each other, betta fish have captivated aquarists from Southeast Asia’s rice paddies to home tanks worldwide. Both beginners and experienced fishkeepers find these elegant fish to be an ideal choice.
What Is a Betta Fish?
The betta fish (Betta splendens) is a freshwater species native to the still waters of Southeast Asian countries like Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos. Belonging to the Osphronemidae family, bettas possess a labyrinth organ that allows them to breathe atmospheric air, enabling survival in low-oxygen environments.
In nature, bettas inhabit rice fields, shallow ponds, and stagnant pools. Centuries ago, a tradition of fighting these fish in Thailand led to their common name, “fighting fish.” Today, selective breeding has produced dozens of color and fin varieties.
Betta Fish Types
Betta fish are classified into different types based on their tail and fin shapes. Each type boasts unique visual features that attract collectors.
Types by Tail Shape
Veiltail
This is the most common and easily available betta type. The tail fin drapes downward, creating a long, flowing appearance. Veiltails are easy to care for, making them ideal for beginners and the most frequent type found in pet stores.
Halfmoon
The tail fin forms a full 180-degree half-moon shape when fully flared. This dramatic display makes Halfmoons highly sought after. Due to their broad fins, they should be kept away from strong currents.
Crowntail
Crowntails feature elongated fin rays that create a distinctive spiky crown-like look. Known for their striking appearance and assertive personality, their delicate fin rays mean sharp decorations should be avoided.
Plakat
Plakats are closest to wild bettas, with short, sturdy fins. They swim faster and are more agile than long-finned types, making them easier to care for.
Double Tail
The tail fin appears split into two lobes, giving a unique look. The dorsal fin is also wider than in other types. As a genetic variation, Double Tails may be more prone to certain health issues.
Rosetail
A more exaggerated version of the Halfmoon, Rosetail bettas have extra-wide, ruffled fins resembling rose petals. While stunning, these fish may struggle with swimming due to the weight of their fins.
Dumbo (Elephant Ear)
Dumbo bettas have much larger pectoral fins, resembling elephant ears. This unique feature makes them a favorite among collectors, and their large fins give them a graceful swimming style.
Color Varieties
Betta fish come in red, blue, green, purple, yellow, white, black, and many combinations. Some special color patterns include:
Betta Fish Care
With the right care, bettas can lead long, healthy, and happy lives.
Aquarium Requirements
A minimum tank size of 20 liters (5 gallons) is recommended for bettas. Contrary to popular belief, small bowls or vases are not suitable. Adequate space helps reduce stress and allows natural behaviors.
It’s important to cover the tank, as bettas are known to jump. Use a filtration system, but avoid strong currents—long-finned types have trouble swimming in fast-moving water.
Water Parameters
Bettas are tropical fish and prefer warm water. The ideal temperature is 24-28°C (75-82°F). Use a heater to maintain a stable temperature; lower temperatures weaken immunity and cause illness.
The pH should be 6.5-7.5, and water hardness can range from 5-20 dGH. Ammonia and nitrite must be zero, and nitrate should be kept below 20 ppm. Weekly water changes of 20-25% are crucial for maintaining water quality.
Decoration and Plants
Live plants are perfect for betta tanks. Java fern, anubias, and Amazon sword provide both aesthetics and hiding spots. Floating plants create surface shade, mimicking the betta’s natural habitat.
When choosing decorations, avoid sharp edges as betta fins are delicate and tear easily. Smooth rocks, driftwood, and ceramic shelters are safe options.
Lighting
An 8-12 hour light cycle is ideal for bettas. Too much light can cause stress, while too little can make them uncomfortable. LED lights with timers help provide a consistent day-night rhythm.
Betta Fish Diet
A balanced diet is essential for vibrant colors and overall health in betta fish.
Staple Foods
In the wild, bettas are carnivorous, feeding mainly on insect larvae, small crustaceans, and zooplankton. In the aquarium, high-quality betta pellets should be the primary food source. These protein-rich pellets meet all their nutritional needs.
Two to three pellets per day are enough for an adult betta. Overfeeding can cause digestive issues and water pollution. As a rule, a betta’s stomach is about the size of its eye—use this as a guide for portion control.
Live and Frozen Foods
Live foods like bloodworms, tubifex worms, and brine shrimp provide bettas with a natural hunting experience. These foods are rich in protein and enhance color. Frozen versions are a convenient alternative.
Live or frozen foods can be given as a supplement 2-3 times per week. Daily feeding of these foods may cause digestive problems.
Vegetable Supplements
While primarily carnivorous, bettas can benefit from occasional vegetable supplements. Boiled and mashed peas help relieve constipation, and foods containing spirulina can also be included in the diet.
Feeding Schedule
Adult bettas should be fed once or twice daily. Fasting for one day per week helps the digestive system rest. Fry should be fed small portions 3-4 times a day.
How Long Do Betta Fish Live?
With proper care, betta fish live an average of 3-5 years. Some individuals can reach up to 7 years with optimal conditions. Factors that affect lifespan include genetics, diet quality, water conditions, and stress levels.
Betta fish sold in pet stores are typically 6 months to 1 year old, so after purchase, they are expected to live another 2-4 years.
Signs of Aging
Aging bettas may show faded colors, decreased activity, duller fins, and slower swimming. Appetite may decrease, and they may need more rest. These are normal signs of aging, and extra attention to water quality is recommended to ensure comfort.
Betta Fish Diseases
Early diagnosis and proper intervention are crucial for treating many diseases.
Fin Rot
One of the most common betta diseases. The edges of the fins turn white, fray, and deteriorate over time. Poor water quality is the main trigger. Treatment involves improving water quality and, if necessary, using antibacterial medications.
Ich (White Spot Disease)
White, salt-like spots appear on the body and fins. Fish rub against decorations to relieve itching. Gradually raising water temperature and salt treatments are usually effective.
Velvet Disease
This parasitic infection causes the fish’s body to appear dusted with gold or rust-colored powder. The fish becomes lethargic and loses appetite. Treatment includes darkening the tank and using copper-based medications.
Swim Bladder Disorder
This condition disrupts the fish’s ability to swim properly, usually caused by overfeeding or constipation. The fish may float sideways, sink, or stay at the surface. Fasting for a few days, then feeding boiled peas, usually resolves the issue.
Fungal Infections
Cotton-like white growths appear on the body, usually following injury or stress. Antifungal medications and clean water conditions are effective treatments.
Betta Fish Behavior
Bettas are intelligent and individualistic fish. They can recognize their owners and often become excited at feeding time.
Male Aggression
Male bettas are highly aggressive toward other males. Never keep two males in the same tank. When they see a rival, they flare their fins, spread their gill covers, and display threatening postures.
Bubble Nest Building
Healthy, happy male bettas build bubble nests on the water’s surface. This behavior is a sign of breeding instincts and shows the fish feels secure.
Curiosity and Exploration
Bettas enjoy exploring their surroundings. They investigate new decorations, swim among plants, and roam every corner of the aquarium. An enriched environment is important for their happiness.
Betta Fish Tank Mates
Betta fish can live with carefully chosen tank mates. Species selection is crucial.
Compatible Species
Corydoras catfish are peaceful bottom dwellers and make safe companions for bettas. Neon tetras are small and quick, usually avoiding problems. Otocinclus catfish and some snail species are also good options.
Species to Avoid
Long-finned species may be seen as rivals by bettas. Guppies and angelfish are not recommended for this reason. Fin-nipping fish (like tiger barbs) should be avoided entirely. Other labyrinth fish should also not be housed with bettas.
Betta Fish Breeding
Breeding bettas requires patience and experience. The male builds a bubble nest and invites the female to spawn. During mating, the female lays eggs, the male fertilizes them, and places them in the nest. The male guards the nest until the eggs hatch, returning fallen eggs to the nest.
Fry are very small and should be fed infusoria or micro worms in the first days. After a few weeks, baby brine shrimp can be introduced. As fry grow, males must be separated to prevent fighting.
Discover the Underwater World at Emaar Aquarium
Although betta fish are some of the most popular pets, they are rarely displayed in public aquariums. If you want to see fascinating aquatic creatures up close, the Emaar Aquarium and Underwater Zoo offers an unforgettable experience.
At Emaar Aquarium, you can observe impressive freshwater fish such as piranha, arowana, angelfish, and many more. You can also create lasting memories with marine animals like sharks, octopus, and penguins by visiting Emaar Aquarium.
Frequently Asked Questions
How long do betta fish live?
With proper care, betta fish live an average of 3-5 years, and some may reach up to 7 years.
Should a betta fish be kept alone?
Male bettas should generally be kept alone. Females can live in groups called “sororities,” but this requires experience.
What do betta fish eat?
Bettas are carnivores. They eat specialized betta pellets, bloodworms, brine shrimp, and frozen foods.
Why do bettas make bubble nests?
Male bettas build bubble nests as part of their breeding instinct. It’s a sign the fish is healthy and happy.
What is the ideal temperature for a betta fish?
The ideal temperature is between 24-28°C (75-82°F). Using a heater is recommended.
Can two male bettas live in the same tank?
No, male bettas are very aggressive towards each other and must never be housed together.
Can a betta live without a filter?
While possible, it’s not recommended. Filtration helps maintain water quality and is important for the fish’s health.
How can you tell if a betta fish is sick?
Faded color, loss of appetite, lethargy, fin damage, and abnormal swimming are signs of illness.
